And yet, banality is tempting. GENERAL CURRENT EVENTS & SOCIAL ISSUES | The first written mention of a settlement in Reading was in 4 January 871 with the battle of Reading fought between the Danes, King Ethelred and his brother Alfred the Great. Nor can a history of reading follow the coherent succession of the history of literary criticism; the qualms expressed by the nineteenth-century mystic Anna Katharina Emmerich (that the printed text never equalled her experience)24 were even more strongly expressed two thousand years earlier by Socrates (who found books an impediment to learning)25 and in our time by the German critic Hans Magnus Enzensberger (who praised illiteracy and proposed a return to the original creativity of oral literature).26 This position was refuted by the American essayist Allan Bloom,27 among many others; with splendid anachronism, Bloom was amended and improved by his precursor, Charles Lamb, who in 1833 confessed that he loved to lose himself “in other men’s minds. The novelist Jamaica Kincaid, confessing to the similar crime of stealing books from her childhood library in Antigua, explained that her intention was not to steal; it was “just that once I had read a book I couldn’t bear to part with it.”17 I too soon discovered that one doesn’t simply read Crime and Punishment or A Tree Grows in Brooklyn. Rather, each chapter is a freestanding essay that takes up topics in the history of reading: the way reading has been taught and learned, how people read in public and in private, bookish means of divining the future, the idea of reading as a metaphor, the relation of that which is heard to that which is read. Of these miracles we are capable, we the readers, and these may perhaps help rescue us from the abjection and stupidity to which we seem so often condemned. Islam takes the notion even further: the Koran is not only one of the creations of God but one of His attributes, like His omnipresence or His compassion. Anticipating and correcting Epicurus, he had argued that the qualities of the thing observed — rather than a film of atoms — travelled through air (or some other medium) to the eye of the observer, so that what was apprehended was not the actual dimensions but the relative size and shape of a mountain. They want us to believe that the book — an instrument as perfect as the wheel or the knife, capable of holding memory and experience, an instrument that is truly interactive, allowing us to begin and end a text wherever we choose, to annotate in the margins, to give its reading a rhythm at will — should be discarded in favour of a newer tool. “There are those who, while reading a book, recall, compare, conjure up emotions from other, previous readings,” remarked the Argentinian writer Ezequiel Martínez Estrada. * Daily Check-In * Read Ch 8 Sec 2 together (p163-167) * Complete Guided Reading Handout . ‧ From left to right: a mother teaching her son to read by Gerard ter Borch, Jorge Luis Borges by Eduardo Comesaña, a forest scene by Hans Toma. And yet, in every case, it is the reader who reads the sense; it is the reader who grants or recognizes in an object, place or event a certain possible readability; it is the reader who must attribute meaning to a system of signs, and then decipher it. Read 545 reviews from the world's largest community for readers. Add the laborers and indentured servants that followed, plus women and later immigrants, and you have Zinn's amorphous constituency. Inside the brain are five small connected circles representing, from left to right, the principal site of common sense, and then the sites of imagination, fantasy, cogitative power and memory. A few decades earlier Aristotle had suggested another theory. A lover of Kipling’s prose who saw the artist through the jingoist patina? When I found that Cervantes, in his fondness for reading, read “even the bits of torn paper in the street”,3 I knew exactly what urge drove him to this scavenging. A depiction of the functions of the brain in a fifteenth-century manuscript of Aristotle’s De anima. Silent reading allows unwitnessed communication between the book and the reader, and the singular a refreshing of the mind", in Augustine's happy phrase.39 . These qualities were re-transmitted back through the eye to the brain, and down the spinal cord to the nerves of sense and motion. But neither hemisphere will act as encoder and decoder until the person is actually exposed to language. He was almost completely blind and yet he refused to carry a cane, and he would pass a hand over the shelves as if his fingers could see the titles. The popular fear of what a reader might do among the pages of a book is like the ageless fear men have of what women might do in the secret places of their body, and of what witches and alchemists might do in the dark behind locked doors. . I think I read in at least two ways. Borges’s mother grew impatient; “Oh Georgie,” she said. According to the palaeontologist who study fossils and other evidences of life on earth, the first man was a late comer on earth and appeared on the planet only one hundred thousand years ago. The value for me, however, was the prism Manguel offers through which reading is separated into a variety of dazzling colors. Only when, years later, I touched for the first time my lover’s body did I realize that literature could sometimes fall short of the actual event. Since I could turn bare lines into living reality, I was all-powerful, I could read. Reviewed in the United States on May 19, 2001. I and the shapes were alone together, revealing ourselves in a silently respectful dialogue. RELEASE DATE: Jan. 16, 2006. BIOGRAPHY & MEMOIR | This can be frustrating if you were in the middle of reading a long PDF file and you have to shut down your computer. I don’t know how he made use of these, but the habit of speaking of a book behind its back became mine too. Paradoxically, the fear that opposes reading to active life, that urged my mother to move me from my seat and my book out into the open air, recognizes a solemn truth: “You cannot embark on life, that one-off coach ride, once again when it is over,” writes the Turkish novelist Orhan Pamuk in The White Castle, “but if you have a book in your hand, no matter how complex or difficult to understand that book may be, when you have finished it, you can, if you wish, go back to the beginning, read it again, and thus understand that which is difficult and, with it, understand life as well.”29 ACTS of READING. The past of that history lies ahead of us, on the last page in that cautionary future described by Ray Bradbury in Fahrenheit 451, in which books are carried not on paper but in the mind. A universal fellowship of readers. By: Beth Antunez. The illustrations also were well chosen and interesting. We all read ourselves and the world around us in order to glimpse what and where we are. We don’t lack ambition. The surrounding objects transmit their images to the senses and the senses pass these on to the impresiva. The main characters of this science, history story are , . More a history of writing and of book production. Then one day, from the window of a car (the destination of that journey is now forgotten), I saw a billboard by the side of the road. On the other hand it showed me that missed out on most of the possibilities in this life. This wide-ranging and erudite exploration of the topic of reading is suffused with the spirit of Manguel's fellow Argentinian, ... a brilliantly associative account ... charms through the scope of Mr. Manguel's erudition, and his balance of scholarship with literary exuberance. And why is the universe the way it is? Effective readers use strategies to understand what they read before, during, and after reading. What that word was on the long-past billboard I no longer know (vaguely I seem to remember a word with several As in it), but the impression of suddenly being able to comprehend what before I could only gaze at is as vivid today as it must have been then. "A History of Reading" is an eclectic collection of essays on books, bibliophiles, bibliophobes, bibliokleptomanes, printing, translation, censorship, reading glasses and the Heian period in Japan. Though I knew myself incapable of making up stories such as my favourite authors wrote, I felt that my opinions frequently coincided with theirs, and (to use Montaigne’s phrase) “I took to trailing far behind them, murmuring, ‘Hear, hear.’”10 Later I was able to dissociate myself from their fiction; but in my childhood and much of my adolescence, what the book told me, however fantastical, was true at the time of my reading, and as tangible as the stuff of which the book itself was made. I was always alone in the library, since my father used it only on the rare occasions when he had to meet someone at home rather than at his office. “I don’t know why you waste your time with Anglo-Saxon, instead of studying something useful like Latin or Greek!” In the end, he turned and asked me for several books. Please try again. I remember, in a bookstore in Cyprus, where our ship had stopped for a few days, a windowful of Noddy stories with their shrill-coloured covers, and the pleasure of imagining building Noddy’s house with him from a box of building-blocks depicted on the page. ; The blind Jorge Luis Borges screws up his eyes the better to hear the words of an unseen reader. I have taken the opportunity to update the book and include new theoretical and observational results obtained D: A trained bird is twice the value of an untrained one. Religious writers seem to me to be disproportionately represented. RELEASE DATE: Sept. 1, 1996, A delightful set of interlinked essays that explore the history of reading, by a novelist (News From a Foreign Country Came, 1990) and anthologist (Other Fires, 1985, etc.). In order to open and read these PDF books you will need to have Adobe Reader on your computer. These I read with special care, and kept for special moments. This transmigration of meaning can enlarge or impoverish the text itself. One year before graduating from high school, in 1966, when the military government of General Onganía came to power, I discovered yet another system by which a reader’s books can be arranged. Impatient or merely bored, a mother holds up a book for her red-haired son as he tries to follow the words with his right hand on the page. Demotic regimes demand that we forget, and therefore they brand books as superfluous luxuries; totalitarian regimes demand that we not think, and therefore they ban and threaten and censor; both, by and large, require that we become stupid and that we accept our degradation meekly, and therefore they encourage the consumption of pap. I felt I was the unique owner of a carefully annotated edition, compiled for my exclusive sake. Reviewing a history of mathematics published sometime in the mid-thirties, Borges wrote that it suffered “from a crippling defect: the chronological order of its events doesn’t correspond to its logical and natural order. It seemed to me that the literature taught at school — in which links were explained between Cervantes and Lope de Vega based on the fact that they shared a century, and in which Juan Ramón Jiménez’s Platero y yo (a purple tale of a poet’s infatuation with a donkey) was considered a masterpiece — was as arbitrary or as permissible a selection as the literature I could construct myself, based on my findings along the crooked road of my own readings and the size of my own bookshelves. Almost twenty years have elapsed since I finished (or abandoned) A History of Reading. Teaching optics and the laws of perception in a sixteenth-century Islamic school. I don’t remember ever reading blurbs to find out what the books were about; I don’t know if the books of my childhood had any. All these are readers, and their gestures, their craft, the pleasure, responsibility and power they derive from reading, are common with mine. A simplified reading comprehension based on the origins of Halloween with accompanying questions. Egypt flourished in the eleventh century under Fatimid rule, drawing its wealth from the Nile valley and from trade with its Mediterranean neighbours, while its sandy frontiers were protected by an army recruited from abroad — Berbers, Sudanese and Turks. Another reader — my nurse, probably — had explained the shapes and now, every time the pages opened to the image of this exuberant boy, I knew what the shapes beneath him meant. The boy drawn in thick black lines, dressed in red shorts and a green shirt (that same red and green cloth from which all the other images in the book were cut, dogs and cats and trees and thin tall mothers), was also somehow, I realized, the stern black shapes beneath him, as if the boy’s body had been dismembered into three clean-cut figures: one arm and the torso, b; the severed head so perfectly round, o; and the limp, low-hanging legs, y. I drew eyes in the round face, and a smile, and filled in the hollow circle of the torso. It was commonly accepted by medieval scholars that (as Galen had suggested) sight, sound, smell, taste and touch fed into a general sensorial repository located in the brain, an area sometimes known as “common sense”, from which derived not only memory but also knowledge, fantasy and dreams. “So one cold morning in September, 1880, with a Scotch rain hammering at the windows, Stevenson drew close to the fire and began to write,” read Ms Becker’s introduction to Treasure Island. I think this is a really great book which I have given a number of people as presents and they have all rated it highly. Despite surface similarities, this is not a social history, since we get no sense of the fabric of life. I was twelve or thirteen; I was curled up in one of the big armchairs, engrossed in an article on the devastating effects of gonorrhoea, when my father came in and settled himself at his desk. The boy runs. Top subscription boxes – right to your door, © 1996-2020, Amazon.com, Inc. or its affiliates. For Galen, the observer, rendering the air sentient, held an active role, and the root from which vision stemmed lay deep in the brain. Then, as today, this prophecy was of course a false one. As she says in this essay, "Teaching the reading of alphabetic print by its "sound" is the correct way. This book is a compendium of western civilization with reading as the cornerstone. edited by This is written more in the pursuit of learned pleasure than of pedantic knowledge, by a man plainly in love with books and reading. I had done this all by myself. A short history of reading instruction by Geraldine Rodgers called "Why Noah Webster's Way Was the Right Way" can be found on Don Potter's Education Page. Marion Wiesel Reading out loud to the blind old man was a curious experience because, even though I felt, with some effort, in control of the tone and pace of the reading, it was nevertheless Borges, the listener, who became the master of the text. Elie Wiesel Borges chose the book, Borges stopped me or asked me to continue, Borges interrupted to comment, Borges allowed the words to come to him. Many nights I would turn on my bedside lamp, while my nurse either worked away at her electric knitting-machine or slept snoring in the bed across from mine, and try both to reach the end of the book I was reading, and to delay the end as much as possible, going back a few pages, looking for a section I had enjoyed, checking details that I thought had escaped me. He wasn’t jumping, as I might have thought, or pretending to be frozen into place, or playing a game whose rules and purpose were unknown to me. Marion Wiesel, by The first edition of the novel was published in 1959, and was written by Arthur Koestler. Elie Wiesel, by Modern graffiti seems to have appeared in Philadelphia in the early 1960s, and by the late sixties it had reached New York. For Aristotle, the observer was a passive entity receiving through the air the thing observed, which was then communicated to the heart, seat of all sensations — including vision. The fate of every book is mysterious, especially to its author. To hear Zinn tell it, all anyone did in America at any time was to oppress or be oppressed; and so he obscures as much as his hated mainstream historical foes do—only in Zinn's case there is that absurd presumption that virtually everything that came to pass was the work of ruling-class planning: this amounts to one great indictment for conspiracy. The title (A History of Reading) is admittedly dull. Such oppositions are not new. Ivory, according to Virgil, is the material out of which the Gate of False Dreams is made; according to Sainte-Beuve, it is also the material out of which is made the reader’s tower. There was privacy not only in my reading, but also in determining what I would read, in choosing my books in those long-vanished bookstores of Tel Aviv, of Cyprus, of Garmisch-Partenkirchen, of Paris, of Buenos Aires. Then I began dividing them by genre: novels, essays, plays, poems. If by water the Lord judge our race, the tablets of clay will be dissolved and the tablets of stone will remain; but if by fire, the tablets of stone will be broken up and the tablets of clay will be baked [hard].” Eve wisely does not choose between tablets of stone and tablets of clay: the text may be the same, but each substance lends it a different quality, and she wants both. Mark Podwal, by Sometimes my library obeyed secret rules, born from idiosyncratic associations. ne hand limp by his side, the other to his brow, the young Aristotle languidly reads a scroll unfurled on his lap, sitting on a cushioned chair with his feet comfortably crossed. I didn’t learn to write until much later, until I was seven. The sight of black letters (to use an alchemical image) became through this process the gold of knowledge. However, this is one off my all-time top five favorite books. READING SHADOWS, n 1984, two small clay tablets of vaguely rectangular shape were found in Tell Brak, Syria, dating from the fourth millennium BC. All these bewilderingly diverse elements come together in that one act; this much, al-Haytham had surmised. Since he thinks that everything is in someone's interest, the historian—Zinn posits—has to figure out whose interests he or she is defining/defending/reconstructing (hence one of his previous books, The Politics of History). To dissuade us from reading, we invent strategies of distraction that transform us into bulimic consumers for whom novelty and not memory is essential. Tolle, lege! This site was known as Finney's Ford until 1743 when Thomas Lawrence, a Penn Land agent, made the first attempt at the layout for Reading. In order to navigate out of this carousel please use your heading shortcut key to navigate to the next or previous heading. In a few cases (in people genetically predisposed to a dominant left hemisphere), early damage to the left hemisphere results in a cerebral “reprogramming” and leads to development of the language function in the right hemisphere. There was pleasure in this, but it wore thin. I first discovered that I could read at the age of four. Only a few centuries after the invention of writing, some six thousand years ago, in a forgotten corner of Mesopotamia (as the following pages will tell), the few who possessed the ability to decipher written words were known as scribes, not as readers. But how does this process take place? Reviewed in the United States on October 13, 2017. The small miracle was a silent one, known only to myself. The relationship between a reader and a book is one that eliminates the barriers of time and space and allows for what Francisco de Quevedo, in the sixteenth century, called “conversations with the dead”. To develop this theory, al-Haytham followed the basic argument of Aristotle’s intromission theory — that the qualities of what we see enter the eye by means of the air — and he supported his choice with accurate physical, mathematical and physiological explanations.19 But more radically, al-Haytham made a distinction between “pure sensation” and “perception”, the former being unconscious or involuntary — seeing the light outside my window and the changing shapes of the afternoon — the latter requiring a voluntary act of recognition — following a text on the page.20 The importance of al-Haytham’s argument was that it identified for the first time, in the act of perceiving, a gradation of conscious action that proceeds from “seeing” to “deciphering” or “reading”. It is wonderful to read about a subject that you value so much written by someone who feels the same way. Reada was a Saxon leader who settled in the area with his tribe in the 6th century. This writer has a wonderful vision of the art of Communication and constantly had me remembering lots of pieces of my own life! What, in fact, is the act we call reading? In it, the reader will encounter Callimachus of Cyrene, who worked in the "vanished library" of Alexandria and laid the foundations for what we know today as the library catalogue; compare and contrast the difffering approaches to public readings of Charles Dickens and Pliny the Younger; and decide once and for all whether it is preferable to read lying down or at a desk. They shape me and lend me a certain magical power. © Copyright 2020 Kirkus Media LLC. A book brings its own history to the reader. This shopping feature will continue to load items when the Enter key is pressed. At the end of the book, in one of those post-modernist twists so common in our earliest literatures, Eve asks her son Seth to write down a true account of his parents’ lives: the book the reader holds in his hands is that account. The author's youthfulness helps to assure the inevitable comparison with the Anne Frank diary although over and above the... by Wm. But quite engaging throughout, like being in the company of a very well-read friend. Resting on a wide step, his right hand gently holding his chin, Saint Dominic is absorbed in the book he holds unclasped on his knees, deaf to the world. We reward triviality and monetary ambition while stripping the intellectual act of its prestige, we replace ethical and aesthetic notions with purely financial values and we propose entertainments that offer immediate gratification and the illusion of universal chatting instead of the pleasurable challenge and amiable slow pace of reading. § § § When the author decides to stop strutting --- which happens every hundred pages or so ---The History of Reading takes off, begins to have some narrative force. UNITED STATES | This het-erogenous arrangement of international trade and mercenary warfare gave Fatimid Egypt all the advantages and aims of a truly cosmopolitan state.16 In 1004 the caliph al-Hakim (who had become ruler at the age of eleven and disappeared mysteriously during a solitary walk twenty-five years later) founded a large academy in Cairo — the Dar al-Ilm or House of Science — modelled on pre-Islamic institutions, making a gift to the people of his own important collection of manuscripts and decreeing that “all and sundry might come here to read, transcribe and be instructed”.17 Al-Hakim’s eccentric decisions — he prohibited the game of chess and the sale of scaleless fish — and his notorious blood-thirstiness were tempered in the popular imagination by his administrative success.18 His purpose was to make Fatimid Cairo not only the symbolic centre of political power but also the capital of artistic pursuits and scientific research, and with this ambition he invited to court many celebrated astronomers and mathematicians, among them al-Haytham. In the Endpaper Pages, in his last paragraph, Alberto Manguel states that “The History of Reading, fortunately, has no end.” His last words are “It’s not finished.” Hooray for that! Marvellous books came my way at her store: Thomas Mann’s Joseph and His Brothers, Saul Bellow’s Herzog, Pär Lagerkvist’s The Dwarf, Salinger’s Nine Stories, Broch’s The Death of Virgil, Herbert Read’s The Green Child, Italo Svevo’s Confessions of Zeno, the poems of Rilke, of Dylan Thomas, of Emily Dickinson, of Gerard Manley Hopkins, the Egyptian love lyrics translated by Ezra Pound, the epic of Gilgamesh. Such intransigent choices result in technocratic extremism. It is a book I will recommend frequently to anyone I know who loves reading. A browser's delight, it can also be devoured in a single sitting (guilty). Please try again. 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