What does Shannon diversity index mean? ˆÀø € 8 8 8 Ö0 ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ö 6Ö ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿÖ ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿÖ ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿÖ ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ4Ö 4Ö 3 8. The samples of 5 species are 60,10,25,1,4. ˆÀø € 8 8 8 Ö0 ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ö 6Ö ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿÖ ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿÖ ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿÖ ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ4Ö 4Ö This study clearly shows that the comparison of diversity index is needed to set up the sample plots at the same size. ˆÀø € 8 8 8 Ö0 ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ö 6Ö ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿÖ ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿÖ ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿÖ ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ4Ö 4Ö While the Simpson Diversity Index is often a … H' has no intuitive interpretation in terms of probability and is sensitive to sample size. ˆÀø € 8 8 8 Ö0 ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ö 6Ö ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿÖ ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿÖ ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿÖ ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ4Ö 4Ö Moreover, inverse Simpson is asymptotically equal to rarefied species richness in sample of two individuals, and Fisher's $\alpha$ is … ˆÀø € 8 8 8 Ö0 ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ö 6Ö ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿÖ ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿÖ ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿÖ ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ4Ö 4Ö 1 Sample 3 Round lake 1. This study indicated that the diversity index, species richness and eveness of moth fauna in Peshawar were 3.14, 5.26 and 0.87 respectively. Simpson: The probability that two randomly chosen individuals are the same species. Recently, it was proposed as a unifying measure of diversity at different levels-from genes and populations to whole species and ecosystems. The Shannon-Weiner index is most sensitive to the number of species in a sample, so it is usually considered to be biased toward measuring species richness. Methods: The Shannon diversity index (H) is another index that is commonly used to characterize species diversity in a community.Like Simpson's index, Shannon's index accounts for both abundance and evenness of the species present. l aö yt&k‡ Ú Û á ã å ç é P J J J J J $If ® kdº $$If –l Ö Ör ”ÿĞP , 2007; Pandey and Kulkarni, 2006; Price, 1975), where it is known as Shannon’s diversity index, the Shannon -Wiener index, the Shannon- Weaver index and the Shannon entropy 29 p.151).The basic formula is similar in Alpha (within sample) diversity Common alpha diversity statistics include: Shannon: How difficult it is to predict the identity of a randomly chosen individual. Although the … The chapter concludes with a list of guidelines for choosing and using diversity measures. combines richness and evenness into a single index of species diversity and is a measure of likelihood that the next individual in the sample will be the same species as the previous sample. ˆÀø € 8 8 8 Ö0 ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ö 6Ö ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿÖ ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿÖ ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿÖ ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ4Ö 4Ö Beta diversity shows the different between microbial communities from different environments. ˆÀø € 8 8 8 Ö0 ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ö 6Ö ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿÖ ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿÖ ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿÖ ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ4Ö 4Ö Hill, M.O. Recently, it was proposed as a unifying measure of diversity at different levels—from genes and populations to whole species and ecosystems. corr Correction factor for Let’s compute the Shannon-Weiner diversity index for the same hypothetical community in the previous example. I need to calculate Chao1 indixe for each sample and combines with the metadata, specifically with the months. 5 2. Shannon evenness index (Shannon's equitability index) is a pure diversity index, independent of species richness. Shannon in 1949 derived a function that became known as the Shannon diversity index. of individuals of species i by total number of samples S = number of species, = species richness Hmax = ln(S) Maximum diversity possible E = Evenness = H/Hmax Example 1: Uneven plant community The Shannon diversity index, species richness, equitability, and species dominance were computed to see th… Spellerberg, I. F., and Fedor, P. J., 2003. Can you point out any problems in these assumptions? Sample Values (S) = 60,10,25,1,4 number of species (N) = 5 First, let us calculate the sum of the given values. diversity index. In the example, 0.707 divided by 1.099 equals 0.64. 1 7. This function calculates measures of diversity and an estimate of the number of classes in the population given a list of counts of observations in each class from a sample of the population. ˆÀø € 8 8 8 Ö0 ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ö 6Ö ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿÖ ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿÖ ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿÖ ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ4Ö 4Ö corr: Correction factor for small sample sizes. Methods: The Shannon diversity index (H) is another index that is commonly used to … Calculate the Shannon diversity index and Evenness for these sample values. One benefit to using the Shannon index is that it allows a researcher to compare their results to past studies. It measures how evenly the microbes are distributed in a sample without considering the number of species. Shannon-Wiener Index denoted by H = -SUM[(p i) × ln(p i)] SUM = summation pi = proportion of total sample represented by species i Divide no. Using Shannon’s index of diversity to assess a sample Compare the diversity of fish seen at four different sites. The maximum value of H is. Sample Values (S) = 60,10,25,1,4 number of species (N) = 5 First, let us calculate the sum of the given values. Shannon Index (H) = - ∑ 1 ln s i p i p i = Simpson Index (D) = ∑ 1 2 1 s i p i = The Shannon index is an information statistic index, which means it assumes all species are represented in a sample and that they are randomly In the Shannon-Wiener指数は稀な種の数に着目した手法であり、場合によっては正しく多様性を反映しない事が確認されています。つまり1個体しか出現しなかった種の数が多いと、その影響力が多く出てしまって正しく多様性を測れないということ Margalef index, Evenness index and Shannon - Wiener index. accounts for both abundance and evenness of the species present. 1 4. The Shannon index summarizes the diversity in the population while assuming all species are represented in a sample and they are randomly sampled. Calculate the Shannon diversity index and Evenness for these sample values. Both α and β diversity are averages, using the same units of measure, Calculate the Shannon diversity index and Evenness for these sample values. Thus, the numeric values contained in the fields of this dataset represent H values (Shannon-Weaver index of diversity) based on substrate-utilization diversity of the entire microbial community of each soil sample. l aö yt&k‡ Ï Ğ Ò Ô Ö Ø Ú P J J J J J $If ® kd $$If –l Ö Ör ”ÿĞP Further, she points out the serious shortcomings of the Shannon Index, including its sensitivity to species richness, and thus, sample size. Intra-cultivar genetic diversity was calculated as the expected heterozygosity (He) and the Shannon diversity index (I), the two most widely used genetic-diversity parameters (Suzuki et al., 2004). The base of the logarithm used to calculate Shannon's index (DEFAULT = e). Simpson's Diversity Index (SDI) is one approach to quantifying biodiversity. Solution : Step 1: First, let us calculate the sum of the given values. l 4Ö aö ( k ôÿÁ ( N o L i s t H ™@ ò H r. chapter diversity measures are assessed in relation to four criteria: ability tQ discriminate between sites, dependence on sample size, what component of diversity is being measured, and whether the index is widely used and understood. The Shannon diversity index (Shannon, 1948), also known as the Shannon-Wiener index, Shannon entropy or, incorrectly, the Shannon-Weaver index (Spellerberg & Fedor, 2003), has been used to estimate genetic diversity in numerous studies. 5 3. β diversity is the average diversity within the complements. l aö yt&k‡ é ê ÷ ÿ The Shannon index is affected by both the number of species and their equitability, or evenness. Main focus is on the difference in taxonomic abundance profiles from different samples. obs A vector of species numbers. where n i is the number of observations from the sample in the i th of k (non-empty) categories and n is the sample size. l aö yt&k‡ 3 4 6 8 : > P J J J J J $If ® kd2 $$If –l Ö Ör ”ÿĞP 1 8. Management intensity is a summary of the management system, where high values mean more agricultural inputs, lower tree cover, and fewer species of trees: The value of the shannon-weiner index. An equivalent formula is 5 5. My script for an This calculator is free to use and is designed for biologists, ecologists, teachers, and students needing to quickly calculate the biodiversity indexes of an ecosystem. - differences in microbial abundances between two samples (e.g., at species level), 0 means both samples share the same species at exact the same abundances, 1 means both samples have complete different species abundances, - different in microbial composition between two samples, 0 means both samples share exact the same species, 1 means both samples have no species in common, - based on the fraction of branch length that is shared between two samples or unique to one or the other sample, → 16S sequencing: alpha & beta using QIIME, http://www.tiem.utk.edu/~gross/bioed/bealsmodules/shannonDI.html, https://methodsblog.wordpress.com/2015/05/27/beta_diversity/, http://blog.metagenomics.anl.gov/less-frequently-asked-questions/, http://cnx.org/contents/t8i_eHU4@2/Alpha-Beta-and-Gamma-Diversity, http://www.webpages.uidaho.edu/veg_measure/Modules/Lessons/Module%209%28Composition&Diversity%29/9_2_Biodiversity.htm. Abstract Background: The Shannon diversity index has been widely used in population genetics studies. The index measures the probability that two randomly selected individuals from a sample will be the same. l aö yt&k‡ T U [ ] _ a c P J J J J J $If ® kd $$If –l Ö Ör ”ÿĞP 1 9. It combines both evenness and richness in a single measure. The degree of uncertainty of predicting the species of a random sample is related to the diversity of a community. It measures how evenly the microbes are distributed in a sample without considering the number of species. regardless of how diversity is measured (i.e. Anyway, if we needed to create a network of 1998) was developed from information theory and is based on measuring uncertainty. The Hutcheson t-test was developed as a method to compare the diversity of two community samples using the Shannon diversity index (Hutcheson 1970, J. Theor.Biol. ˆÀø € 8 8 8 Ö0 ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ö 6Ö ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿÖ ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿÖ ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿÖ ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ4Ö 4Ö Here is the same dot plot as in the previous two examples but calculated using the Shannon index: Shannon's index of diversity H' is derived from information theory, originally in the context of information in telephone systems (Shannon, 1948). l aö yt&k‡ " $ & P J J J J J $If ® kdö $$If –l Ö Ör ”ÿĞP Divide Shannon’s diversity index H by natural logarithm of species richness ln(S) to calculate the species evenness. The index, however, was proven to be negatively biased at small sample sizes. The index, however, was proven to be negatively biased at small sample sizes. Methods: The Shannon diversity index (H) is another index that is commonly used to characterize species diversity in a community. Methods: The Shannon diversity index (H) is another index that is commonly used to characterize species diversity in a community. A diversity index (also called phylogenetic or Simpson's Diversity Index) is a quantitative measure that reflects how many different types (such as species) there are in a dataset (a community) and that can simultaneously take into account the phylogenetic relations among the individuals distributed among those types, such as richness, divergence or evenness. l aö yt&k‡ 2 1�h:p&k‡ °Ğ/ °à=!°ğ"°ğ#�ğ$�ğ%° °Ğ°Ğ�Ğ œ $$If – !v h#v #v€#v8:V –l Ö0 ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ö 6ö 5Ö 5Ö€5Ö8/Ö ÿ yt&k‡ œ $$If – !v h#v #v€#v8:V –l Ö0 ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ö 6ö 5Ö 5Ö€5Ö8/Ö ÿ yt&k‡ œ $$If – !v h#v #v€#v8:V –l Ö0 ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ö 6ö 5Ö 5Ö€5Ö8/Ö ÿ yt&k‡ œ $$If – !v h#v #v€#v8:V –l Ö0 ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ö 6ö 5Ö 5Ö€5Ö8/Ö ÿ yt&k‡ œ $$If – !v h#v #v€#v8:V –l Ö0 ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ö 6ö 5Ö 5Ö€5Ö8/Ö ÿ yt&k‡ œ $$If – !v h#v #v€#v8:V –l Ö0 ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ö 6ö 5Ö 5Ö€5Ö8/Ö ÿ yt&k‡ œ $$If – !v h#v #v€#v8:V –l Ö0 ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ö 6ö 5Ö 5Ö€5Ö8/Ö ÿ yt&k‡ œ $$If – !v h#v #v€#v8:V –l Ö0 ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ö 6ö 5Ö 5Ö€5Ö8/Ö ÿ yt&k‡ œ $$If – !v h#v #v€#v8:V –l Ö0 ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ö 6ö 5Ö 5Ö€5Ö8/Ö ÿ yt&k‡ œ $$If – !v h#v #v€#v8:V –l Ö0 ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ö 6ö 5Ö 5Ö€5Ö8/Ö ÿ yt&k‡ œ $$If – !v h#v #v€#v8:V –l Ö0 ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ö 6ö 5Ö 5Ö€5Ö8/Ö ÿ yt&k‡ œ $$If – !v h#v #v€#v8:V –l Ö0 ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ö 6ö 5Ö 5Ö€5Ö8/Ö ÿ yt&k‡ œ $$If – !v h#v #v€#v8:V –l Ö0 ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ö 6ö 5Ö 5Ö€5Ö8/Ö ÿ yt&k‡ œ $$If – !v h#v #v€#v8:V –l Ö0 ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ö 6ö 5Ö 5Ö€5Ö8/Ö ÿ yt&k‡ œ $$If – !v h#v #v€#v8:V –l Ö0 ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ö 6ö 5Ö 5Ö€5Ö8/Ö ÿ yt&k‡ œ $$If – !v h#v #v€#v8:V –l Ö0 ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ö 6ö 5Ö 5Ö€5Ö8/Ö ÿ yt&k‡ œ $$If – !v h#v #v€#v8:V –l Ö0 ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ö 6ö 5Ö 5Ö€5Ö8/Ö ÿ yt&k‡ œ $$If – !v h#v #v€#v8:V –l Ö0 ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ö 6ö 5Ö 5Ö€5Ö8/Ö ÿ yt&k‡ œ $$If – !v h#v #v€#v8:V –l Ö0 ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ö 6ö 5Ö 5Ö€5Ö8/Ö ÿ yt&k‡ œ $$If – !v h#v #v€#v8:V –l Ö0 ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ö 6ö 5Ö 5Ö€5Ö8/Ö ÿ yt&k‡ œ $$If – !v h#v #v€#v8:V –l Ö0 ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ö 6ö 5Ö 5Ö€5Ö8/Ö ÿ yt&k‡ œ $$If – !v h#v #v€#v8:V –l Ö0 ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ö 6ö 5Ö 5Ö€5Ö8/Ö ÿ yt&k‡ œ $$If – !v h#v #v€#v8:V –l Ö0 ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ö 6ö 5Ö 5Ö€5Ö8/Ö ÿ yt&k‡ œ $$If – !v h#v #v€#v8:V –l Ö0 ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ö 6ö 5Ö 5Ö€5Ö8/Ö ÿ yt&k‡ œ $$If – !v h#v #v€#v8:V –l Ö0 ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ö 6ö 5Ö 5Ö€5Ö8/Ö ÿ yt&k‡ œ $$If – !v h#v #v€#v8:V –l Ö0 ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ö 6ö 5Ö 5Ö€5Ö8/Ö ÿ yt&k‡ œ $$If – !v h#v #v€#v8:V –l Ö0 ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ö 6ö 5Ö 5Ö€5Ö8/Ö ÿ yt&k‡ œ $$If – !v h#v #v€#v8:V –l Ö0 ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ö 6ö 5Ö 5Ö€5Ö8/Ö ÿ yt&k‡ ^ 2 À Ğ à ğ 0 @ P ` p € � À Ğ à ğ 2 ( Ø è 0 @ P ` p € � À Ğ à ğ 0 @ P ` p € � À Ğ à ğ 0 @ P ` p € � À Ğ à ğ 0 @ P ` p € � À Ğ à ğ 0 @ P ` p € � À Ğ à ğ 0 @ P ` p € � 8 X ø V ~ _HmH nH sH tH @ `ñÿ @ N o r m a l CJ _HaJ mH sH tH D A`òÿ¡ D D e f a u l t P a r a g r a p h F o n t R i@óÿ³ R T a b l e N o r m a l ö 4Ö l aö yt&k‡ Ä Å Ç É Ë Í Ï P J J J J J $If ® kd~ Global Ecology and Biogeography, 12, 177–179. index. The diversity index values will vary between 0, which would indicate no diversity, and 1, which is very diverse. A C E G I P J J J J J $If ® kdĞ $$If –l Ö Ör ”ÿĞP If TRUE the input vector is truncated to omit zero values. Shannon diversity index: a call to replace the original Shannon's formula with unbiased estimator in the population genetics studies PeerJ . In all of the plots installed, all trees with diameter at breast height, DBH ≥ 5 cm, were measured. As a consequence a sample with Shannon 3 is not twice as diverse as a sample with Shannon 1.5. 5 6. In particular, the exponent of the Shannon index is linearly related to inverse Simpson (Hill 1973) although the former may be more sensitive to rare species. Equitability assumes a value between 0 and 1 with 1 being complete evenness. l aö yt&k‡ > ? To Find : shannon diversity index and Evenness . The data is provided in the tables below. The Shannon-Wiener diversity index is one measure that we will use to try to draw information from sample… Background The Shannon diversity index has been widely used in population genetics studies. The analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) was applied for estimating the Φ st parameter representing the proportion of genetic variation among the three cultivars. where c = INT(n/k) and d = MOD(n, k).. l aö yt&k‡ I J L N P R T P J J J J J $If ® kdn $$If –l Ö Ör ”ÿĞP Values can range from zero to one: from high dominance of a single species to perfectly equal abundances across all species. 1 5. 4 SpeciesCommunity ICommunity II A 10 5 B 1 5 C 1 5 D 1 5 E 1 5 We want to also consider the differences in abundance of each species. First, enter the number of species, and then enter the name you wish to give the species, if available, and the given populations for each of the species—in any given order. The Shannon-Weiner index (Barnes et al. Not only Shannon's diversity index , but also others. Like Simpson's index, Shannon's index accounts for both abundance and evenness of the species present. Hello Jennifer, The Shannon index is one of the indices used to measure alpha (within-community) diversity, and like the earlier contributors have … REMEMBER, you should press "Ctrl"+"Shift"+"Enter" together when you have new cells. doi: 10.7717/peerj.9391. The Shannon index increases as both the richness and evenness of the community increase. Or, I have samples for you. Calculate the Shannon diversity index and Evenness for these sample values. Trees species diversity, richness, and similarity were studied in fifteen plots of the tropical rainforests in the northeast of the Republic of Congo, based on trees inventories conducted on fifteen 0.25 ha plots installed along different types of forests developed on terra firma, seasonally flooded, and on flooded terra. l aö yt&k‡ & ' ) - / 1 3 P J J J J J $If ® kd” $$If –l Ö Ör ”ÿĞP Google Scholar The script will return the Simpson and Shannon-Wiener values (among almost two dozen others) for the given data. The Shannon-Wiener Diversity Index, H, is calculated using the following equation: H = -(Pi(lnPi) where Pi is the proportion of each species in the sample. l aö yt&k‡ c d { é ë P D D ? 25 2. Now we can directly look at the relationship between the Shannon diversity index values and the management intensity. This function allows calculation of Shannon's diversity index (Shannon 1948). A greater number of species and a more even distribution BOTH increase diversity as measured by H'. The samples of 5 species are 60,10,25,1,4. Code to add this calci to your website Just copy and paste the below code to your webpage where you want to display this calculator. scrub: Controls the treatment of species with zero abundance in the input observation. ˆÀø € 8 8 8 Ö0 ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ö 6Ö ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿÖ ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿÖ ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿÖ ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ4Ö 4Ö 5 4. Calculate the Shannon diversity index and Evenness for these sample values. Diversity index = H = – ∑ Pi In Pi where Pi = S / N S = number of individuals of one species N = total number of all individuals in the sample In = logarithm to base e Measurement of species richness Margalef’s index was used as a simple measure of I already calculate other diversity indeces, and everything was fine, until I try to calculate Chao1. Online biodiversity calculator which helps to calculates the Shannon's Diversity Index and Evenness from the given sample data. Note that species evenness ranges from zero to one, with zero signifying no evenness and one, a complete evenness. Species richness is the number of different species in a sample. In particular, for a random sample, we can use Shannon’s index of diversity (aka as Shannon-Weiner’s index), which is defined as where ni is the number of observations from the sample in the ith of k (non-empty) categories and n = is the sample size. Shannon evenness index (Shannon's equitability index) is a pure diversity index, independent of species richness. 1 10. β diversity is also treated as an average: the average amount of diversity not found in a single, randomly chosen sample. Keywords Genetic diversity, Shannon index, Coalescent simulations, Measures of genetic variation, Sample size effect, Statistical genetics INTRODUCTION The Shannon diversity index (Shannon, 1948), also known as the Shannon-Wiener index, Shannon entropy or, incorrectly, the Shannon-Weaver index (Spellerberg & Fedor, 2003), The diversity index was calculated by using the Shannon – Wiener diversity index (1949). This measure is measure of pure taxonomic relatedness. The Shannon index is an information statistic index, which means it assumes all species are represented in a sample and that they are randomly sampled. If you would like to request any features for the calculator or make any other comments about it, please contact us . The maximum diversity (Hmax) of a sample is found when all species are equally abundant. For a population (or a non-random sample), we can use Brillouin’s index of diversity, instead of Shannon’s index.Brillouin’s index is defined as. What is H'? Most of the statistical theory used here originates from work in economics ( Gini, 1912 ) and information science ( Shannon, 1948 ), and has been developed further in ecology, and genetics. Like Simpson's index, Shannon's index accounts for both abundance and evenness of the species present. Shannon's diversity index is simply the ecologist's name for the communication entropy introduced by Claude Shannon: where pi is the fraction of individuals belonging to the i-th species. Counties obviously have different areas and I wonder how this would (or maybe not) change my calculations. 3 7. ˆÀø € 8 8 8 Ö0 ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ö 6Ö ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿÖ ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿÖ ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿÖ ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ4Ö 4Ö 2020 Jun 29;8:e9391. ¸ º ¾ À Â Ä P J J J J J $If ® kdà $$If –l Ö Ör ”ÿĞP Sample 1 koi pond 1. koi 35 Sample 2 Small lake 1. 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