The colony thrived and many African slaves were taken there. The Colombian cordilleras belong to the northern portion of the great Andean mountain system, which extends along the Pacific coast of South America. The official language is Spanish, and the currency is the Colombian … It is often referred to as the most Roman Catholic of the South American countries, and most of its people are proud of the relative purity of their Spanish language. Pressure for Colombian Independence . Colombia: History. Brief history of Ecuador. From Belize to Gran Colombia, step back in time and journey through the empires and countries of Latin America. Origins of the Colombian Conflict. Colombia. Colombian culture is very similar to a lot of other Latin American countries, with a few special elements that make it unique.Looking at Colombian history, for example, the Spanish colonial era has left a lasting influence throughout the country, with a high rate of Roman Catholics in Colombian society. Steep and articulated bays, inlets, capes, and promontories accentuate the shoreline on the Pacific side toward the Panama border and on the Caribbean side where the sea beats against the base of the Santa Marta Mountains. 1829-30 - Gran Colombia dissolved when Venezuela and Ecuador split off, leaving present-day Colombia and Panama a separate state known as … It includes present day Ecuador, Panama, Venezuela and Colombia. This train is referred to as Metro de Medellin. Republic of Gran Colombia After defeating the Spanish at the Battle of Boyoca, Simon Bolivar founds the Republic of Gran Colombia encompassing present-day Colombia, Ecuador, Venezuela, and Panama. Despite its name, Colombia was not founded by the explorer Christopher Columbus; he never even set foot in the country throughout the history of Colombia. During colonial times present-day Colombia was part of the viceroyalty of Peru. The Muisca capital was a prosperous town called Muequetá. Chibcha, sub-Andean, and Caribbean peoples—most of whom lived in organized, agriculturally based communities—inhabited the area. He considered the construction of the canal, a symbol of the triumph of…. In fact, in 1499 the territory was discovered by his companion Alonso de Ojeda, who arrived there from nearby Santo Domingo, landing at Cabo de la Vela. From the shores of the Caribbean Sea inland to the lower spurs of the three major cordilleras extends a slightly undulating savanna surface of varying width, generally known as the Atlantic lowlands (also called the Caribbean coastal lowlands). From there the Cordillera Occidental fingers north into the three distinct serranías of Abibe, San Jerónimo, and Ayapel, forested ranges that drop gradually toward the piedmont plains of the Caribbean littoral. 1903. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. North of the border with Ecuador the cordillera flares out into three distinct parallel ranges. 1875-05-16 Eathquake in Venezuela & Colombia kills 16,000; 1886-08-04 Colombia adopts constitution; 1903-01-22 The Hay-Herran Treaty concerning the USA's right to the Panama Canal is signed by the Colombian Charge d'affaires in Washington, D.C. (never ratified); 1903-11-03 Colombia grants independence to Panama; 1903-11-04 Panama and Colombia wake up to news that the … The country has an estimated population of over 49 million, making it the 28th largest country in the world based on population. A chronology of key events: 1525 - Spain begins conquest of Colombia. Crystalline rocks are exposed at several places on its flanks and are the foci of localized gold and silver deposits. Colombia, officially Republic of Colombia, Spanish República de Colombia, country of northwestern South America. For events in a regional context, see Latin America, history of. Colombia, a constitutional republic in Northwest South America with coasts on the Pacific Ocean and the Caribbean Sea, was established in 1886. North of Mount Ruíz, near Sonsón in the department of Antioquia, the volcanic Cordillera Central gives way to the deeply weathered, granitic Antioquia batholith (an exposed granitic intrusion), a tableland averaging some 8,000 feet (2,500 metres) above sea level. To avoid war Benavides returned the territory to Colombia. Colombia History, Language and Culture History of Colombia. Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. During the pre-Columbian period, the area now known as Colombia was inhabited by indigenous people who were primitive hunters or nomadic farmers. History.com Editors Following the failure of a French construction team in the 1880s, the United States commenced building a canal across a 50-mile stretch of the Panama isthmus in 1904. Start exploring Colombia with Lonely Planet’s video guide to getting around, when to go and the top things to do while you're there. Although they are less widely known than, say, the Inca or the Nazca, we know a fair deal about the indigenous peoples of Colombia. From there it spread widely before disbanding a year later largely as a result of negotiations. A treaty was quickly negotiated between the United States and the new Republic of Panama; construction began, and the canal…. Colombia: A Brief History Timeline created by caitlinthompson. The president, Iván Duque, will prioritise an agenda to support an economic recovery, but governability will deteriorate gradually as his pro-government coalition weakens in … The Republic of Gran Colombia is formed, comprising modeern-day Ecuador, Panama and Venezuela. Mascaras del Carnaval Negros y Blancos. Some tribes, such as the Inca, headed further south and built major civilizations, while smaller groups settled in what is now Colombia and eventually reached a high level of development. …project was the government of Colombia, which owned Panama. Summary. In November 1985 Mount Ruíz erupted, melting the snow and ice that covered it and sending great mudflows downslope, destroying the city of Armero and killing more than 25,000 in one of the country’s greatest catastrophes. High plateaus were formed in the Quaternary Period by the deposition of sediments in depressions that had been occupied by lakes. Also, Colombia halved poverty over the past ten years. Its population is heavily mestizo (of mixed European and Indian descent) with substantial minorities of European and African ancestry. View Images. Colombia is a beautiful country with rich plant and animal life, like the colibri. In Venezuela, on the other hand, the government of Antonio…, Colombian cut flowers were a highly successful example, promoted from the late 1960s through special incentives such as tax rebates; Colombia became the world’s second leading flower exporter. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. This section holds a short summary of the history of the area of present-day Colombia, illustrated with maps, including historical maps of former countries and empires that included present-day Colombia. The lofty snow-tipped peaks of the country’s interior cordilleras tower high above equatorial forests and savannas where surviving Indian groups still follow the lifeways and traditions of their ancestors. History For whom was Bolivia named? These people are little known internationally because they left few enduring monuments. 49. levan. The Andes are among the world’s most youthful mountain ranges and among the highest. In the central part of the plain, between the Guaviare and Caquetá rivers, the eroded rocks of the ancient Guiana Shield are exposed, producing a broken topography of low, isolated mountains, tablelands, and buttes with rapids in the streams. With its connection to the isthmus of Panama, Colombia was a major center of migration between Central and South America. The first bona-fide Spanish settlement was established in Santa Marta in 1525 and shortly thereafter in Cartagena. 1829-30 - Gran Colombia is dissolved when Venezuela and Ecuador split … A number of structural factors provide the backdrop for the emergence of armed conflict in Colombia. The river eventually broke through the dam to leave the level floor of the Cauca valley at some 3,000 feet (900 metres) above sea level; today it is one of the nation’s most productive agricultural areas. Please select which sections you would like to print: Corrections? By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. The Atlantic lowlands spread out southward behind it. The batholith contains gold-bearing quartz veins, which were the source of the placer gravels that gave rise to an active colonial mining economy. A lesser topographic feature on the Pacific coast is the Baudó Mountains, separated from the Cordillera Occidental by the valley of the Atrato River, which empties into the Caribbean Gulf of Urabá; the Baudó Mountains represent a southward extension of the Isthmus of Panama. The city has occupied a central place in Colombia's long and turbulent history. The Andean cordillera, one of the world’s great mountain ranges, dominates the landscape of the western part of the country, where most of the people live. It enjoyed a brief boom of…. Republic of Gran Colombia forms. To read about the background to these events, see History of Colombia.See also the list of Presidents of Colombia The highest are Mount Huila (18,865 feet [5,750 metres]), southeast of Cali, and the Ruiz-Tolima complex (some 17,700 feet [5,400 metres]) between Manizales and Ibagué. In Colombia, British engineers and workers building a railroad near Barranquilla first played football in 1903, and the Barranquilla FBC was founded in 1909. The most important of these is the savanna area called the Sabana de Bogotá. Eve. Colombia's capital is Bogotá. …New Granada”) was adopted by Colombia in the period 1830–58. A history of poverty, inequality, insecurity and a lack of state presence, especially in rural areas, feature highly among the long-term causes of … Colombia has had a turbulent history marked by slavery and appropriation of indigenous land during the Colonial period, and political instability, civil war and drug-related violence in recent years. 1718 - Bogota becomes the capital of the Spanish vice-royalty of Nueva Granada, which also rules Ecuador and Venezuela.. 1819 - Simon Bolivar defeats Spanish at Boyaca. Colombia, a constitutional republic in Northwest South America with coasts on the Pacific Ocean and the Caribbean Sea, was established in 1886. Its broken, rugged topography, together with its location near the Equator, creates an extraordinary diversity of climates, vegetation, soils, and crops. The Capital: Bogotá Main Cities: Medellín, Cali, Barranquilla Population: 48.7 million Size: 1,141,748 sq km (440,831 sq miles) Major Religion: Christianity (90%) Main Language: Spanish Climate: Containing areas of both the Amazon rainforest and the Andes Mountains, Colombia has examples of almost every different climate, including tropical zones, ice cap zones, Mediterranean zones, and desert. These tectonic forces, similar to those found elsewhere around the Pacific Rim, continue to operate, as is evidenced by the high frequency of often destructive earthquakes. this is very useful for the cross cultural presentation. Navigate parenthood with the help of the Raising Curious Learners podcast. An interesting … These features are interspersed with sandy beaches, along with barrier islands and brackish lagoons. Despite this, the largely homogenous culture is a rich artistic blend of Spanish customs, tribal heritage and Afro-Caribbean traditions. Slavery was abolished in Colombia in 1849. The United States established a diplomatic mission in Colombia in 1823. Republic of Gran Colombia formed with Ecuador, Panama and Venezuela. After 1958 the government tightened immigration controls to favour foreigners with high-level skills, yet during the 1960s Colombian labourers continued to move into…. Beyond this point, near Pamplona, the cordillera splits into two much narrower ranges, one extending into Venezuela, the other, the Perijá Mountains, forming the northern boundary range between Colombia and Venezuela. …helped Panama to secede from Colombia and gave the United States a Canal Zone. The current president of Colombia is Álvaro Uribe Vélez. El Carnaval de Negros y Blancos, declarado en el 2002 Patrimonio Cultural de la Nación, se celebra cada año en Pasto, una ciudad andina situada en el suroccidente de Colombia, la primera semana de enero, atrayendo a un gran número de turistas provenientes de todos los rincones del país y del extranjero. …El Colegio Penstock Tunnel in Colombia was completed in 1965 in bituminous shale, requiring the replacement and resetting of more than 2,000 rib sets, which buckled as the invert (bottom supports) and sides gradually squeezed in up to 3 feet, and by deferring concreting until the ground arch stabilized. At the start of first millennium BC, groups of Amerindians have built up the so-called “cacicazgos”. In southern Colombia the Amazonian rainforest, or selva, reaches its northern limit. Since that time, only stone, brick and tile have been permitted as building materials. It is clear, however, that the entire cordillera has been thrust up through the subduction of the crumpled eastern margin of the Nazca Plate and, to the north, the Caribbean Plate under the more rigid but lighter South American Plate, which has been forced westward by the spreading Atlantic seafloor. May 5, 2010 @ 7:19 pm. Colombia is the only overland gateway to South America and is assumed to have been the route pioneered by the continent's first human inhabitants, who migrated from North and Central America. Salmona had worked from 1948 to 1955 in Le Corbusier’s studio in Paris with…. Prior to the Spanish invasion, the land comprising modern-day Colombia was ruled by various Amerindian tribes who traded with each other and established their own civilisations. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. The Cordillera Central is the highest of the Andean ranges of Colombia, rising to an average height of 10,000 feet (3,000 metres). It was Alonso de Ojeda, and not Christopher Columbus, who was the first European to ever set foot in Colombia in 1499. The population is largely concentrated in the mountainous interior, where Bogotá, the national capital, is situated on a high plateau in the northern Andes Mountains. Colombia is a South American country that has some territories located in Central America. The eastern lowland extends from the Venezuelan boundary along the Arauca and Meta rivers in the north to the Peruvian-Ecuadoran border stream, the Putumayo, some 600 miles (1,000 km) to the south and from the base of the Cordillera Oriental eastward to the Orinoco-Negro river line, a distance of more than 400 miles (650 km). Actualmente, Colombia está organizada territorialmente en 32 departamentos, 1 distrito capital, 2 distritos industriales y portuarios, 2 distritos turísticos y culturales, 2 distritos turísticos, culturales e históricos, y varias áreas especiales indígenas. After Colombia gained its independence from Spain, internal issues regarding politics and territorial divisions continue to take place. It is one of the nation’s largest cities This part of the lowland is called the Llanos Orientales (“Eastern Plains”) or simply the Llanos. Independence from Spain was won in 1819, but by 1830 the "Gran Colombia" Federation was dissolved. Summary. Dotted with hills and with extensive tracts of seasonally flooded land along the lower Magdalena and the Sinú rivers, it surrounds the inland portion of the Santa Marta Mountains. Humans have lived in Colombia for at least 11,000 years, and Colombia was a major channel for human migration to the rest of the continent. The more accessible Atlantic lowlands, dominated by large livestock haciendas and a tri-ethnic population, have a distinctively different character. Narrow to the south, it broadens out in the high, unsettled massif of Sumapaz, with elevations up to 13,000 feet (4,000 metres). Benavides reduced the…, …the same time migration from Colombia to Venezuela also increased. Information on the History Guy, the origin of the website, along with commentaries and a site map. Sandstones and shales of the Paleogene and Neogene periods (about 65 to 2.6 million years ago) are also a part of the older basement that has been capped by ash and lava derived from some 20 volcanoes of the Quaternary Period (the past 2.6 million years). Although it is a distinct geomorphic unit and not a part of the Andes, some geologists have suggested that it might be considered an extension of the Cordillera Central, from which it is separated by the Mompós depression in the lower Magdalena valley. The man who serves a revolution plows the sea. Colombia is a Spanish-speaking nation on the northern and northwestern coasts of South America. The current constitution was adopted in 1991; it originally had a strict one-term limit for presidents, although this was revised to a two-term limit in 2004 due to the overwhelming popularity of President Álvaro Uribe (and then reversed back to a one-term limit in 2015). Prior to the Spanish invasion, the land comprising modern-day Colombia was ruled by various Amerindian tribes who traded with each other and established their own civilisations. Several years later, a joint effort was carried out to extend Spanish power from the coastal regions into the interior. This is a timeline of Colombian history, comprising important legal and territorial changes and political events in Colombia and its predecessor states. The official language is Spanish, and the currency is … The only American nation that is named for Christopher Columbus, the “discoverer” of the New World, Colombia presents a remarkable study in contrasts, in both its geography and its society. However, due to it’s distance from Lima and the geographical isolation of Santa Fe (Bogotá), it remained relatively independent. The return of the Conservatives, 1880–1930, La Violencia, dictatorship, and democratic restoration, The growth of drug trafficking and guerrilla warfare, https://www.britannica.com/place/Colombia, Science Kids - Fun Science and Technology for Kids - Colombia Facts for Kids, Official Site of the Embassy of Colombia in Washington, DC, United States, Colombia - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11), Colombia - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up), Researcher’s Note: Heights of the “twin peaks” of the Santa Marta Mountains. Dale McRae. It lies along the Porce River (a tributary of the Cauca) at an elevation of 5,000 feet (1,500 metres) above sea level, in the steep, temperate Aburrá Valley of the Cordillera Central. The only genuinely variable climatic element is the amount of annual precipitation. GDP will only partly recover in 2021 after a deep coronavirus-induced recession in 2020. There are three main archeologi… To learn more about Colombia’s history, you can go downtown, where you will find the Plaza de Bolívar, the Primatial Cathedral, and the Casa de Nariño, which houses the Colombian government. Lesson Summary. B… The Spanish first arrived in Colombia in 1499, founding the first permanent settlement in 1510. This slightly higher ground forms the watershed between the Amazon and Orinoco systems. Wars, Conflicts, and Coups of Colombia . Colombia is known for its exotic fruits! Before the arrival of the Spanish into the region, the Muisca people lived on the plateau where modern-day Bogotá is located. At the Pasto Massif, near the Ecuadoran border, the mountains divide into the Cordillera Occidental (“Western Range”), which runs parallel to the Pacific coast, and the Cordillera Central (“Central Range”), which, with its numerous volcanoes, forms the backbone of the system in Colombia and runs generally southwest to northeast. But it has also been ravaged by a decades-long violent conflict involving outlawed armed groups, drug cartels and gross violations of human rights, although since 2002, the country has made some progress towards improving security. Farther northeast beyond the deep canyons cut by the Chicamocha River and its tributaries, the Cordillera Oriental culminates in the towering Mount Cocuy (Sierra Nevada del Cocuy), which rises to 18,022 feet (5,493 metres). Colombia is nicknamed the "gateway to South America" because it sits in the northwestern part of the continent where South America connects with Central and North America. Colombia has a track record of prudent macroeconomic and fiscal management, anchored on an inflation targeting regime, a flexible exchange rate, and a rule-based fiscal framework, which allowed the economy to grow uninterrupted since 2000. The History of Colombia While the Aztecs and the Incas built empires that extended control over vast regions of pre-Columbian America, Colombia was settled by a number of smaller groups of peoples such as the Tayronas and the Muiscas. The Chibchas, who lived in the Bogota region, dominated the various Indian groups. Beyond Antioquia the lower, remote San Lucas Mountains extend northward toward the confluence of the Magdalena and Cauca rivers. Several of the latter reach well into the zone of permanent snow, above 15,000 feet (4,600 metres). It is a continuation of the Ecuadoran volcanic structure. Temperatures vary little throughout the year. Summary. …Panama became a state within Colombia and, despite numerous efforts to break away, remained so for the rest of the century. It gained independence from Spain on 20 July 1810. 4 points. History Cartagena was founded in 1533 by Pedro de Heredia on the site of the Carib Indian settlement of Calamari. …the isthmus; but Panama was Colombian territory, and the Colombia Senate refused ratification of a treaty with the United States. Colombia has had a turbulent history marked by slavery and appropriation of indigenous land during the Colonial period, and political instability, civil war and drug-related violence in recent years. … in 1925, between Peru and Colombia in 1933, between Greece and its neighbours in 1947, between the Netherlands and Indonesia in 1947, between India and Pakistan in 1948, between Israel and its neighbours in 1949, between Israel, Great Britain, France, and Egypt, …a dangerous boundary controversy with Colombia over the port of Leticia on the upper Amazon and a finger of land giving access to the river, both of which had been ceded to Colombia in a treaty of 1922. Updates? Colombia is a unitary republic. Get exclusive access to content from our 1768 First Edition with your subscription. Aug 7, 1819. The fertile ash from their eruptions has produced the high, cool plateaus of Nariño department and the often steep slopes to the north that support much of Colombia’s coffee production. The eastern two-thirds of the country, lying beyond the Andes, differs from cordilleran Colombia in practically all aspects of physical and human geography. In the cooler mountains, at intermediate elevations, modern cities are juxtaposed with traditional rural landscapes where mestizo farmers cultivate their small plots of coffee, corn (maize), and other crops. The Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC), a Marxist-Leninist guerrilla group, was founded by Manuel Marulanda and Jacobo Arenas in 1964. The Perijás then descend northward toward the Caribbean to the arid La Guajira Peninsula, the northernmost extension of the Colombian mainland. One expedition set off from Santa Marta, another from Ecuador and the third from the Venezuelan coast. Cartagena has played a major part in Colombia’s history, protecting the country from a number of invasions, as well as battling pirates who desired the city’s treasure and riches. At the Great Colombian Massif of the Cordillera Central, near the San Agustín Archeological Park, the Cordillera Oriental (“Eastern Range”) branches off in a more decidedly northeasterly direction. The Comunero Rebellion in Colombia began in 1780 in the provincial town of Socorro, a tobacco and textile producing centre. Elsewhere the crest is much higher, reaching 12,992 feet (3,960 metres) at Mount Paramillo in the department of Antioquia. Of the three ranges, the nonvolcanic Cordillera Occidental, which forms the barrier between the Cauca valley and the rain-drenched Pacific coast, is the lowest and least populated. Omissions? Colombia's capital is Bogotá. Colombia has significant natural resources and its diverse culture reflects the indigenous Indian, Spanish and African origins of its people. The official name of Colombia is the Republic of Colombia. It is divided into two parts by the deep transverse cleft of the Porce River, which occupies the U-shaped valley in which is situated the expanding metropolis of Medellín, Colombia’s second city. Jul 22, 2011 @ 9:21 pm. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. Advertise on this Website. Medellín, city, capital of Antioquia departamento, northwestern Colombia. The nation’s political instability has been historically tied to the unequal distribution of wealth, and the illicit trade in drugs (mainly cocaine) remains a major disruptive factor in Colombian life. Despite this, the largely homogenous culture is a rich artistic blend of Spanish customs, tribal heritage and Afro-Caribbean traditions. The massive Cordillera Oriental, separating the Magdalena valley from the Llanos, is composed chiefly of folded and faulted marine sediments and older schists and gneisses. https://www.britannica.com/topic/history-of-Colombia, history of Latin America: Economic agenda and patterns of growth, history of Latin America: Preindependence phenomena, Latin American architecture: Seventeenth- and 18th-century architecture in Ecuador, Colombia, and Cuba, Latin American architecture: Contemporary architecture, c. 1965–the present, tunnels and underground excavations: Heavy ground, canals and inland waterways: The Panama Canal, United States: Building the Panama Canal and American domination in the Caribbean, Panama: Secession from Spain and union with Gran Colombia, Venezuela: Immigration and ethnic composition. In 1533, Cartagena was founded by Pedro de Heredia and became the main center of commerce and trade in Colombian history. It is divided into 32 departments and one capital district. Just as foreign attraction to oil in Venezuela or silver in Bolivia led to turmoil and upheaval in those countries, international desire for cocaine has pushed existing tensions in Colombia well beyond their boiling point. Navigate parenthood with the help of the Raising Curious Learners podcast. [xxvii] While the early 1960s saw a dramatic reduction in violence, it is arguable that the National Front sowed the seeds for future conflict. Only genuinely variable climatic element is the savanna area called the Llanos (., although many of them eventually returned home that Colombia was part of the latter reach well into the.. The largest national day and marks the start of first millennium BC groups., but industries and services are increasing in importance places like the neighborhood La. History reads like a romance, a drama and a tri-ethnic population, have distinctively! 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